Health hazards associated with petroleum-based chemicals used in dry cleaning are significant and multifaceted, affecting both workers and customers. The primary chemical of concern in this industry is perchloroethylene (PCE), a volatile organic compound (VOC) widely employed for its effectiveness in removing stains. However, prolonged exposure to PCE and other petroleum-based solvents poses various health risks.
Short-Term Effects
Exposure to dry cleaning chemicals can lead to immediate health issues, including:
Respiratory problems: Inhalation of vapours can cause coughing, difficulty breathing, and other respiratory issues, especially in poorly ventilated area
Skin irritation: Contact with contaminated fabrics may result in rashes or allergic reactions
Neurological symptoms: Headaches and dizziness are common after inhaling solvent vapours
Long-Term Effects
The long-term health implications of exposure to these chemicals are particularly concerning:
Cancer risk: PCE is classified as a probable human carcinogen (Group 2A) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Studies have linked it to increased risks of various cancers, including bladder and kidney cancer, as well as non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Organ damage: Chronic exposure can lead to liver and kidney damage, central nervous system impairment, and cognitive decline
Other health issues: Workers may experience mood disorders and other neurological effects due to prolonged exposure to high levels of PCE
Vulnerable Populations
Certain groups are particularly at risk from these health hazards:
Dry cleaning workers face the highest exposure levels due to their frequent contact with these solvents. Studies indicate they have elevated rates of cancer mortality compared to the general population
Frequent customers of dry cleaning services may also be at risk if they do not allow adequate ventilation after picking up cleaned garments
Environmental Considerations
The use of petroleum-based solvents not only affects human health but also poses environmental risks. Improper disposal can lead to soil and groundwater contamination, which may affect local ecosystems and drinking water sources
The volatile nature of these chemicals allows them to evaporate and intrude into indoor air through a process known as vapor intrusion, further compounding health risks for nearby residents
Conclusion
In summary, petroleum-based chemicals used in dry cleaning present significant health hazards that warrant attention. Regulatory scrutiny has increased due to the documented risks associated with PCE and similar solvents. As the industry explores safer alternatives, ongoing research is essential to fully understand the implications of both existing and emerging solvents on worker health and safety.